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Showing posts with label प्राचीन इतिहास. Show all posts
Showing posts with label प्राचीन इतिहास. Show all posts

Sunday, August 06, 2017

Neolithic Age (6,000 BC) (नवपाषाण युग (6,000 BC))

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Neolithic Age (6,000 BC) (नवपाषाण युग (6,000 BC))


The word ‘neolithic (नवपाषाण)' was first coined by Sir John Lubbock In 1865 Miles Burkit enumerated four characteristics of neolithic culture (सबसे पहले 1865 में सर जॉन लुब्क द्वारा गढ़ा गया मील बर्किट ने नवपाषाण संस्कृति की चार विशेषताओं की गणना की)
(i) animal domestication (पालतू बनाना)
(ii) agricultural practices (कृषि प्रथाओं)
(iii) grinded and polished stone tools (पीस और पॉलिश पत्थर के औजार) and 
(iv) pottery manufacture (मिट्टी के बर्तनों का निर्माण).

The people of this age used tools and implements of polished stone (इस युग के लोगों ने पॉलिश पत्थर के औजारों के लिए उपकरण का इस्तेमाल किया).

The earliest Neolithic settlement found so far in Indian subcontinent is in Mehargarh (Baluchistan) (भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप में अब तक का सबसे पुराना नवपाषाण व्यवस्थापन एक मेहरगढ़ (बलूचिस्तान) है).

Beginning of the Neolithic age (ie. appearance of the first site) (निओलिथिक युग की शुरुआत (यानी पहली साइट की उपस्थिति)).

World wide -9000 BC

North west lndia -7000 BC

Central India 5000 BC

South India -3000 BC

Neolithic People:

The civilization and culture of the Neolithic age shows distinct traces of progress (नवपाषाण युग की सभ्यता और संस्कृति प्रगति के अलग-अलग निशान दिखाती है). The Neolithic men had a settled life. They practised agriculture and grew fruits and corn (निओलिथिक पुरुषों की एक स्थिर जीवन था उन्होंने कृषि का अभ्यास किया और फल और मक्का का उत्पादन किया). Animals, such as the cow, dog, ox, goat etc. were domesticated (पशु, जैसे कि गाय, कुत्ते, बैल, बकरी इत्यादि का पालन किया गया). The art of producing fire by the friction of bamboos or pieces of stones was known to them (बांस या पत्थरों के टुकड़ों के घर्षण से आग पैदा करने की कला उनके लिए ज्ञात थी). instead of eating the uncooked flesh of various animals. they now started roasting it. Besides this, bows and arrows were invented and were used for the purpose of hunting (इसके अलावा, धनुष और तीरों का आविष्कार किया गया और शिकार के उद्देश्य के लिए इसका उपयोग किया गया). They also learnt the art of pottery, at first by hand and then with the potter's wheel. They painted and decorated their pots (उन्होंने मिट्टी के बर्तन की कला भी सीख ली थी, हाथ में पहले और फिर कुम्हार के पहिये के साथ। उन्होंने अपने बर्तनों को चित्रित किया और सजाया). They lived in caves, the walls of which were polished and painted with the scenes of hunting and dancing (वे गुफाओं में रहते थे, जिनकी दीवारों को पॉलिश किया गया था और शिकार और नृत्य के दृश्यों के साथ चित्रित किया गया था). They also learnt the art of spinning and weaving clothes (उन्होंने कताई और बुनाई वाले कपड़े की कला भी सीख ली). They used to bury the dead bodies and construct tombs over them which were known as Dolmens, Menhirs etc (वे मृत शरीर को दफन करते थे और उन पर कब्रों का निर्माण करते थे जो कि डॉल्मेन्स, मेनहिर्स आदि के रूप में जाने जाते थे).

Neolithic Tools:

The stone tools of the Neolithic age bear unmistakeable signs of polish either all over the tools or at the butt-end and the working-end, or only at the working end (नवपाषाण युग के पत्थर के औजार में पॉलिश के सभी उपकरणों या बट्ट-एंड और काम के अंत में, या केवल काम के अंत में पॉलिश के अचूक संकेत होते हैं). They fashioned their tools out of fine-grained dark-green trap, though there are examples of the use of diorite, basalt, slate, chlorite, schist, lndurated shale, gneiss, sand stone and quartzite.


Their tools Included stone celts, adzes, Chisels, picks, fabricators. ring stones, hammer stones, pounders, mortars, discs, slick stones and siing stones.

Occupation:

Neolithic settlers were cattle-herders (पशु-चरवाहों) and agriculturists. They produced ragi, wheat, barley, rice, masoor, moong. kulthi etc (उन्होंने रागी, गेहूं, जौ, चावल, मसूर, मूंग, कल्थी आदि का उत्पादन किया). Hand-made pottery Is also found in the early stage (हाथ से बने मिट्टी के बर्तनों को भी प्रारंभिक अवस्था में पाया जाता है). Elephant, rhino, buffalo, ox, stag remains are also found in plenty (हाथी, राइनो, भैंस, बैल, हरिण अवशेष भी खूब पाए जाते हैं). But there is no specification of these being domesticated. The pottery were well made but were coarse in nature, not that much polished (लेकिन इन्हें पालतू बनने का कोई विशिष्ट विवरण नहीं है मिट्टी के बर्तनों को अच्छी तरह से बनाया गया था लेकिन प्रकृति में मोटे थे, इतना पॉलिश नहीं).


Red, Grey, Black, Black and Red Ware, Black Burnished Ware and Mat-impressed Ware are associated with this culture.

Tool making was another important occupation which included a variety of picks, scrapers, eyed needles, bodkins and pierced batons. 

आपको यह पोस्ट पढ़कर कैसा लगा, कृपया हमें कमेंट के माध्यम से बताएं। आप सभी का धन्यवाद !!! हमारे पोस्ट को लाइक, कमेंट, शेयर तथा सब्सक्राइब करें।
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Sunday, July 30, 2017

Mesolithic Age (10,000-6,000 BC)(मध्यपाषाण काल (10, 000-6, 000 ईसा पूर्व))

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Mesolithic Age (10,000-6,000 BC)(मध्यपाषाण काल (10, 000-6, 000 ईसा पूर्व))


 
It was the transitional period (संक्रमणकालीन अवधि) between Palaeolithic and Neolithic ages (पुरापाषाण काल और नवपाषाण काल). Its characteristic tools are microliths, all made of stone. The microliths were first discovered by Carlyle in 1867 from Vindhyan Rock Shelters. This Age is also known by various names like Late Stone Age or Microlithic Age. The Mesolithic people lived on hunting, fishing and food-gathering. Earliest domestication of animals (जानवरों का पालना) has also been witnessed from Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
 
Mesolithic Tools

Tools are characterised by parallel-sided blades taken out from prepared cores of fine-materials as chert, crystal, chalcedony, jasper, carnelian, agate etc. and were generally one to five centimetres long.
 
Paintings

At various sites in Bhimbetka, Adamgarh, etc. rock and cave paintings have been discovered which belong to this period. In these paintings, various subjects including animals and human scenes have been found (इन चित्रों में, पशुओं और मानव दृश्यों सहित विभिन्न विषयों को मिला है). Animals are the most frequently depicted subject (चित्रित विषय) either alone or in large and small groups and shown in various poses.

Depiction of human figures in rock paintings is quite common (
रॉक पेंटिंग्स में मानव आकृतियों का चित्रण काफी आम है). Dancing, running, hunting, playing games and quarrelling were commonly depicted scenes. Colours like deep red, green, white and yellow were used in making these drawings.

By this time, paintings have started depicting humans as central fIgure, that too in groups which indicates the beginning of community life (
जो सामुदायिक जीवन की शुरुआत को इंगित करता है).


आपको यह पोस्ट पढ़कर कैसा लगा, कृपया हमें कमेंट के माध्यम से बताएं। आप सभी का धन्यवाद !!! हमारे पोस्ट को लाइक, कमेंट, शेयर तथा सब्सक्राइब करें।
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Saturday, July 29, 2017

Palaeolithic Age (5,00,000 - 10,000 BC) (पुरापाषाण काल (5,00,000 - 10,000 ईसा पूर्व))

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Palaeolithic Age (5,00,000 - 10,000 BC) (पुरापाषाण काल (5,00,000 - 10,000 ईसा पूर्व))


It was basically a hunting (शिकार करना) and food gathering (खाद्य इकठ्ठा करना) culture (संस्कृति). 'Palaeo' means 'old' and ’lithic’ means ’stone'. Palaeolithic age in India is divided into three phases:

The three phases are named on the basis of vertical excavation. The earliest remains are found deeper in the excavation whereas the newer ones are found on top of them.Therefore, the oldest are named as 'Lower' Paleolithic and later ones as 'Upper’ Paleolithic.
 
1.  Early or Lower Palaeolithic (5,00,000-1,00,000 BC) (प्रारंभिक या निचला पुरापाषाण)
It covers the greater part of the Ice Age and its characteristic feature is the use of hand-axe, cleaners and choppers (हाथ-कुल्हाड़ी, क्लीनर और कुल्हाड़ा).

2. Middle Palaeolithic (1,00,000-40,000 BC) (मध्य पुरापाषाण)
The Middle Palaeolithic culture is characterised by flakes (गुच्छे द्वारा विशेषता). The principal tools are variety of blades, points and scrappers made of flakes (विभिन्न प्रकार के ब्लेड, अंक और गुच्छे से बना स्क्रैपर).

3. Upper Palaeolithic (40,000-10,000 BC) (
ऊपरी पुरापाषाण)
It marks the appearance of (की उपस्थिति के निशान) Homo sapiens and new flint industries (नए चकमक उद्योगों); widespread appearance of a figurines and other artifacts reflecting art and rituals (कला और अनुष्ठानों को दर्शाती एक मूर्तियों और अन्य कलाकृतियों का व्यापक रूप); the appearance of wide range of bone tools, including needles, fishing tools, harpoons, blades and burin tools (सुइयों, मछली पकड़ने के उपकरण, हापून, ब्लेड और बर्गन टूल्स सहित हड्डी के विभिन्न उपकरणों की उपस्थिति।)

Palaeolithic People (पुरापाषाण काल के व्यक्ति)

 

Earliest Palaeolithic man lived on hunting and food-gathering. The hunting and gathering pattern was dependent upon the season. The nature of stone tools also varied according to the climate. Not knowing how to grow his food, he ate fruits, birds, raw animal flesh etc. The people were wanderers and moved from place to place. They took refuge under the rocks' in caves and hollow tree trunks.


Rock paintings and carvings have been numerously found in Bhimbetka from different periods. The oldest painting of Bhimbetka belongs to the upper Palaeolithic period.The paintings belonging to this period are linear representation in green and dark red, of figures of animals such as bisons, elephants, tiger, rhinocerous etc.

The most important feature of these paintings is that the animals are generally depicted much larger in size. it indicates that still man was more threatened by other animals, a situation which reversed in later period. 


Facts to Remember (याद करने के लिए तथ्य)

Robert Bruce Foote was the first to discover a Palaeolithic stone tool In India In 1863. (रॉबर्ट ब्रूस फूटे ने 1863 में भारत में पुरापाषाण पत्थर के औजार का पता लगाया था।)


आपको यह पोस्ट पढ़कर कैसा लगा, कृपया हमें कमेंट के माध्यम से बताएं। आप सभी का धन्यवाद !!! हमारे पोस्ट को लाइक, कमेंट, शेयर तथा सब्सक्राइब करें।
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Friday, July 28, 2017

Pre - Historic Period - Introduction (पूर्व-ऐतिहासिक काल - परिचय)

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Pre - Historic Period (पूर्व-ऐतिहासिक काल)


Introduction (परिचय)


The earliest human fossils (
मानव जीवाश्म) have been found in Africa dating about 4.2 million years. The primitive man (आदिम आदमी) was shorter in height and had a smaller brain. Homo sapiens evolved over a period of these years about 50,000 years ago. Unfortunately (दुर्भाग्य से), except for the solitary find (अकेले खोजने) of a hominid fossil from Hathnora in the Narmada Valley dating back to 1.4 million years ago, no early human fossils have been found in India. Since their appearance (दिखावट), the humans have been using stone tools (पत्थर के औजार) and their life story is, therefore, divided into Paleolithic (पुरापाषाण), Mesolithic (मध्यपाषाण), and Neolithic (नवपाषाण) ages.

Evolution of Man (मनुष्य का विकास)


1. First Fossil (
पहला जीवाश्म)

Male - Ramapithecus
Female - Shivapithecus (10-14 million years ago)

2. These fossils were found in Shivalik and Salt range (
शिवालिक और साल्ट रेंज में ये जीवाश्म पाए गए थे).

3. Homoerectus: Found in Hathnora (Lower Palaeolithic) 10 lakh BC.

4. Homo sapiens: Found in Upper Palaeolithic Regions 
(ऊपरी पुरापाषाण क्षेत्र में मिला).
 

आपको यह पोस्ट पढ़कर कैसा लगा, कृपया हमें कमेंट के माध्यम से बताएं। आप सभी का धन्यवाद !!! हमारे पोस्ट को लाइक, कमेंट, शेयर तथा सब्सक्राइब करें।
Read More...

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